Ungakwazi ukuzuza umbala ojulile, ofanayo ezindwangu ngokusebenzisa inqubo enembile. Aumshini wokudaya intamboyenza le nqubo ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukwelashwa kusengaphambili, ukudaya, kanye nokwelashwa ngemva kokwelashwa. Iphoqa utshwala obudayi ngokusebenzisa amaphakheji ezintambo ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo kanye nengcindezi.
Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile
● Ukudaya ngentambo kunezinyathelo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukwelapha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukudaya, nokwelashwa ngemva kokwelashwa. Isinyathelo ngasinye sibalulekile kumbala omuhle.
● Umshini wokudaya izintambo usebenzisa izingxenye ezikhethekile njengephampu nesishintshi sokushisa. Lezi zingxenye zisiza ukudaya intambo ngokulinganayo futhi ezingeni lokushisa elifanele.
● Ngemva kokudaywa, intambo iyahlanjululwa futhi yelashwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umbala uhlala ugqamile futhi uqinile isikhathi eside.
Isigaba 1: Ukwelashwa Ngaphambili
Kufanele ulungise kahle intambo yakho ngaphambi kokuthi ingene emjikelezweni wokudaya. Lesi sigaba sokwelashwa kwangaphambili siqinisekisa ukuthi intambo ihlanzekile, iyamunca, futhi ilungele ukumuncwa umbala ofanayo. Kuhilela izinyathelo ezintathu ezibalulekile.
Intambo Ukusonteka
Okokuqala, ugoqa intambo eluhlaza kusuka kuma-hanks noma ama-cones uye kumaphakheji akhethekile anezimbobo. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-soft winding, idala iphakheji elinokuminyana okuthile. Kufanele ulawule lokhu kuminyana ngokucophelela. Ukusonteka okungalungile kungabangela umzila, lapho udayi ugeleza ngokungalingani futhi kubangele umehluko wethunzi. Ngentambo kakotini, kufanele uqondise ukuminyana kwephakheji phakathi kuka-0.36 no-0.40 gm/cm³. Izintambo ze-polyester zidinga iphakheji eliqinile, elinobukhulu obungaphezu kuka-0.40 gm/cm³.
Ilayisha Isithwali
Okulandelayo, ulayisha lawa maphakheji amanxeba kusithwali. Lesi sithwali siwuhlaka olufana nokuphotha olubamba intambo ngokuvikelekile ngaphakathi komshini wokudaya intambo. Idizayini yenkampani yenethiwekhi ivumela utshwala obudayi ukuthi bugeleze ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amaphakheji. Imishini yezimboni inamakhono anhlobonhlobo okuphatha amasayizi amaqoqo ahlukene.
Amandla enkampani yenethiwekhi:
● Imishini emincane yesampula ingabamba okungenani u-10 kg.
● Imishini enosayizi omaphakathi ivamise ukuba namandla angama-200 kg kuya ku-750 kg.
● Imishini emikhulu yokukhiqiza ingacubungula ngaphezu kuka-1500 kg ngeqoqo elilodwa.
Ukuhlanza kanye Nokuhlanza
Okokugcina, wenza ukukhuhla nokuhlanza ngaphakathi komshini ovaliwe. I-scouring isebenzisa amakhemikhali e-alkaline ukususa ama-wax emvelo, uwoyela, nokungcola emicu.
● I-ejenti evamile yokukhuhla i-Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH).
● Ukugxila kuvame ukuhluka kusuka ku-3-6% ukuze kuhlanzwe kahle intambo.
Ngemva kokuhlanza, uhlanza intambo, ngokuvamile nge-hydrogen peroxide. Lesi sinyathelo sakha isisekelo esimhlophe esilinganayo, esibalulekile ekuzuzeni imibala ekhanyayo nenembile. Ufinyelela ubumnyama obuningi ngokufudumeza okugeza ku-95-100°C futhi uyibambe imizuzu engama-60 kuye kwengama-90.
Ukuqonda Iqhaza Lomshini Wokudaya Ngezintambo
Ngemuva kokwelashwa kwangaphambili, uthembele emshinini wokudaya wezintambo ukuze udale umbala ophelele. Umshini ungaphezu nje kwesitsha; iyisistimu eyinkimbinkimbi eyenzelwe ukunemba. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo ewumongo kukusiza ukuthi uqonde indlela efinyelela ngayo imiphumela engaguquki, yekhwalithi ephezulu.
Izingxenye Zomshini Ezibalulekile
Kufanele wazi izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko ezisebenza ndawonye ngesikhathi sokudaya. Ingxenye ngayinye inomsebenzi othize nobalulekile.
| Isakhi | Umsebenzi |
|---|---|
| I-Kier (Isitsha Sokudaya) | Lesi yisitsha esiyinhloko esingacindezeli. Iphethe amaphakheji akho entambo kanye nesisombululo sikadayi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi. |
| I-Heat Exchanger | Le yunithi ilawula izinga lokushisa lokugeza likadayi. Ilawula kokubili ukushisa nokupholisa ukulandela iresiphi yokudaya ngokunembile. |
| Iphampu Yokujikeleza | Le futha enamandla ihambisa utshwala obudayi entanjeni. Iqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imicu ithola umbala ofanayo. |
Ukubaluleka Kokujikeleza
Kufanele uzuze ukujikeleza kodayi ofanayo ukuze uthole umbala olinganayo. Iphampu yokuhambisa iphoqa utshwala obudayi kumaphakheji entambo ngenani lokugeleza elithile. Leli zinga liyisici esibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuhlukahluka kwethunzi. Imishini ehlukene isebenza ngesivinini esihlukene.
| Uhlobo Lomshini | Isilinganiso sokugeleza (L kg⁻¹ min⁻¹) |
|---|---|
| Okuvamile | 30–45 |
| Ukudaya Ngokushesha | 50–150 |
Amazinga Okushisa Nengcindezi
Udinga ukulawula okunembile phezu kwezinga lokushisa nokucindezela, ikakhulukazi kumafayibha okwenziwa afana ne-polyester. Imishini yokushisa ephezulu ngokuvamile isebenza kuze kube140°Cfuthi≤0.4Mpayengcindezi. Lezi zimo zisiza udayi ukuthi ungene emicu eminyene. Imishini yesimanje isebenzisa amasistimu azenzakalelayo ukuphatha lezi ziguquguqukayo ngokuphelele.
Izinzuzo Zokuzenzakalela:
● I-Automation isebenzisa izinzwa nama-PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers) ukuze ilandele amajika okushisa ngokuqondile.
● Yehlisa amaphutha omuntu, iqinisekisa ukuthi yonke inqwaba idayiwe ngokuphindaphindeka okuphezulu.
● Lokhu kulawulwa kwenqubo kuholela ezimeni ezizinzile, ngisho nokuthathwa kombala, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ephezulu.
Isigaba 2: Umjikelezo Wokudaya
Ngentambo yakho efakwe ngaphambili, usukulungele ukuqala umjikelezo wokudaya oyinhloko. Lesi sigaba kulapho ukuguqulwa kombala kwenzeka khona ngaphakathi koMshini Wokudaya Ngentambo, okudinga ukulawula okunembayo phezu kokugeza okudayi, ukujikeleza, nezinga lokushisa.
Ukulungisa Ukugeza Okudayi
Okokuqala, ulungisa i-dyebath. Ugcwalisa umshini ngamanzi bese wengeza odayi namakhemikhali asizayo ngokusekelwe iresiphi yakho. Kufanele futhi usethe isilinganiso sotshwala-kuya-material (L:R). Lesi silinganiso, esivame ukumiswa kunani elifana no-1:8, sibeka umthamo wamanzi wekhilogremu ngayinye yentambo. Nge-polyester, ungeza amakhemikhali athile kumxube:
●Ama-agent ahlakazayo:Lezi zigcina izinhlayiya zikadayi zisakazwa ngokulinganayo emanzini.
●Ama-ejenti okulinganisa:Lezi zakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ziqinisekisa ukuthi udayi ubamba ngokulinganayo entanjeni, ukuvimbela ama-patches noma ama-streaks.
Udayi Utshwala Ukujikeleza
Okulandelayo, uqala ukuhambisa utshwala obudayi. Ngaphambi kokufudumeza, usebenzisa iphampu enkulu ukuze uhlanganise kahle odayi namakhemikhali. Lokhu kusakazwa kokuqala kuqinisekisa ukuthi lapho utshwala obudayi buqala ukugeleza emaphaketheni entambo, bunokugxila okungaguquki kusukela ekuqaleni. Lesi sinyathelo sisiza ukuvimbela ukuhluka kwemibala kokuqala.
Ukufinyelela Izinga Lokushisa Lokudaya
Bese uqala inqubo yokushisisa. Isishintshi sokushisa somshini sinyusa izinga lokushisa lokugeza idayi ngokwegradient ehleliwe. Nge-polyester, lokhu kuvame ukusho ukufinyelela izinga lokushisa eliphakeme elicishe libe ngu-130°C. Ubamba lokhu kushisa okuphezulu imizuzu engama-45 ukuya kwengama-60. Lesi sikhathi sokubamba sibalulekile ukuze udayi umiswe ngokugcwele futhi ungene emicu, uqedele inqubo yokudaya ngempumelelo.
Ukwengeza ama-Fixing Agents
Ekugcineni, ungeza ama-ejenti okulungisa ukukhiya umbala endaweni. Lawa makhemikhali akha isibopho esiqinile phakathi kwedayi kanye nentambo yentambo. Uhlobo lwe-ejenti luncike kudayi kanye nefayibha, nokunye ukwakheka okuhlanganisa amayunithi esakhiwo se-vinylamine odayi abasebenzayo.
I-pH ibalulekile ekulungiseniKufanele ulawule kahle i-pH yebhati lokudaya ngalesi sinyathelo. Ngodayi abasebenzayo, i-pH ephakathi kuka-10 no-11 ilungile. Ngisho nezinguquko ezincane zingonakalisa umphumela. Uma i-pH iphansi kakhulu, ukulungiswa kuzoba kubi. Uma iphezulu kakhulu, idayi izoba yi-hydrolyze futhi igeze, okuholela kumbala obuthakathaka.
Isigaba 3: Ngemva Kokwelashwa
Ngemuva komjikelezo wokudaya, kufanele wenze ngemuva kokwelashwa. Lesi sigaba sokugcina kuMshini Wokudaya Ngezintambo siqinisekisa ukuthi intambo yakho inombala omuhle kakhulu, umuzwa omuhle, futhi isilungele ukukhiqizwa.
Ukugeza kanye Neutralizing
Okokuqala, uhlanza intambo ukuze ususe amakhemikhali asele kanye nodayi ongagxilile. Ngemuva kokugeza, unciphisa intambo. Inqubo yokudaya ngokuvamile ishiya intambo esimweni se-alkaline. Kufanele ulungise i-pH ukuze uvimbele ukulimala kwefayibha kanye nokushintsha kombala.
● Ungasebenzisa i-acetic acid ukuze ubuyisele intambo ku-pH engathathi hlangothi noma ene-asidi kancane.
● Ama-agent akhethekile afana ne-Neutra NV futhi ahlinzeka ngokungathathi hlangothi okuyinhloko ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-alkaline. Lesi sinyathelo sibuyisela indwangu esimweni esithambile, esizinzile.
Insipho ye-Colourfastness
Okulandelayo, wenza ukugeza ngensipho. Lesi sinyathelo esibalulekile sisusa noma yiziphi izinhlayiya zikadayi ezine-hydrolyzed noma ezingaphenduliwe ezinamathele ngokukhululekile endaweni ye-fiber. Uma ungazisusi lezi zinhlayiya, zizopha ngesikhathi ziwashwa kamuva.
Kungani I-soaping IbalulekileInsipho ithuthukisa kakhulu ukushesha kokugeza. Iqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zekhwalithi, njengendlela yokuhlola ye-ISO 105-C06, ekala ukumelana nombala ekuhlanzweni.
Ukusebenzisa ama-Finishing Agents
Bese usebenzisa ama-ejenti wokuqeda. Lawa makhemikhali athuthukisa ukusebenza kwentambo ezinqubweni ezilandelayo ezifana nokuluka noma ukunitha. Izinto zokugcoba ziyizinto ezivamile zokuqeda ezinikeza intambo izindawo ezinhle zokutshuza. Lokhu kuqedwa kunciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi kuvimbela umphumela wokushelela kwenduku, onciphisa ukugqashuka kwentambo kanye nokwehla komshini. Ama-sizing agents angasetshenziswa futhi ukukhulisa amandla entambo nokumelana nokugqokwa.
Ukuthulula Nokomisa
Ekugcineni, ukhulula amaphakheji entambo kumphathi wenethiwekhi. Bese uyomisa intambo ukuze uthole umswakama ofanele. Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu ukumisa i-radio-frequency (RF), esebenzisa amandla kazibuthe kagesi ukomisa amaphakheji ngokulinganayo kusukela ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Uma sesomile, intambo isilungele ukusongwa futhi ithunyelwe.
Manje usuyaqonda ukuthi inqubo yokudaya intambo iwukusebenza okunembayo, okunezigaba eziningi. Impumelelo yakho incike ekulawuleni okuhlukile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane namamethrikhi angukhiye njengokunemba kokufanisa imibala. Le ndlela ehlelekile, evamise ukusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokonga amanzi, ibalulekile kuwena ukuze uzuze intambo engaguquguquki, yekhwalithi ephezulu, nengenambala ukuze ukhiqize izindwangu.
FAQ
Iyiphi inzuzo enkulu yokudaya intambo?
Ufinyelela ukungena kombala okuphezulu nokushesha. Ukudaya intambo ngaphambi kokweluka kudala amaphethini anothile, ahlala isikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa nokudaya indwangu eqediwe.
Kungani i-liquor-to-material ratio (L:R) ibalulekile?
Kufanele ulawule i-L:R ukuze uthole imiphumela engaguquki. Kuthinta ukugxiliswa kodayi, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, kunomthelela ngokuqondile ukungaguquguquki kombala kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo.
Kungani udinga ingcindezi ephezulu yokudaya i-polyester?
Usebenzisa ingcindezi ephezulu ukuze ukhuphule izinga lokubila kwamanzi. Lokhu kuvumela udayi ukuthi ungene ku-polyester ominyene we-fiber ukuze uthole umbala ojulile, olinganayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-24-2025