Ufaka izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (ngaphezulu kuka-100°C) kanye nokucindezela ukuze uphoqelele udayi kumafayibha okwenziwa njengenayiloni ne-polyester. Le nqubo ithola imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Uzothola ukungezwani kombala okuphakeme, ukujula, nokufana. Lezi zimfanelo zidlula lezo zokudaya emoyeni.
An Umshini wokudaya wenayiloni we-HTHPiyindinganiso yemboni yokusebenza kahle kwayo.
Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile
Ukudaya kwe-HTHP kusebenzisa ukushisa okuphezulu nokucindezela ukufaka imibala kumafayibha okwenziwa afana ne-polyester nenayiloni. Le ndlela iqinisekisa umbala ojulile, ohlala njalo.
Inqubo yokudaya ye-HTHP inezinyathelo eziyisithupha. Lezi zinyathelo zihlanganisa ukulungisa intambo, ukuyilayisha ngendlela efanele, ukugeza udayi, ukuqhuba umjikelezo wokudaya, ukuwasha nokuwomisa.
Ukugcinwa okufanele nokuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu emishinini ye-HTHP. Lokhu kusiza umshini ukuthi usebenze kahle futhi ugcine abantu bephephile.
Imodeli namandla
| Imodeli | Umthamo wekhoni (ngokusekelwe ku-1kg/ikhoni) Ibanga elimaphakathi lenduku yentambo O/D165×H165 mm | Amandla we-polyester high elastic bread thread | Amandla entambo yesinkwa enayiloni enwebekayo ephezulu | Amandla ephampu amakhulu |
| QD-20 | Ipayipi elingu-1*2layer=2 izigaxa | 1kg | 1.2kg | 0.75kw |
| QD-20 | 1 ipayipi*4layer=4 Izigaxa | 1.44kg | 1.8kg | 1.5kw |
| QD-25 | 1 ipayipi*5layer=5 amakhoni | 3kg | 4kg | 2.2kw |
| QD-40 | 3 ipayipi*4layer=12 izigaxa | 9.72kg | 12.15kg | 3 kw |
| QD-45 | 4 ipayipi*5layer=20 izigaxa | 13.2kg | 16.5kg | 4kw |
| QD-50 | 5 ipayipi*7layer=35 izigaxa | 20kg | 25kg | 5.5kw |
| QD-60 | 7 ipayipi*7layer=49 izigaxa | 30kg | 36.5kg | 7.5kw |
| QD-75 | 12 ipayipi*7layer=84 izigaxa | 42.8kg | 53.5kg | 11kw |
| QD-90 | 19 ipayipi*7layer=133 izigaxa | 61.6kg | 77.3kg | 15kw |
| QD-105 | 28 ipayipi*7layer=196 izigaxa | 86.5kg | 108.1kg | 22kw |
| QD-120 | 37 ipayipi*7layer=259 izigaxa | 121.1kg | 154.4kg | 22kw |
| QD-120 | 54 ipayipi*7layer=378 izigaxa | 171.2kg | 214.1kg | 37kw |
| QD-140 | 54 ipayipi*10layer=540 izigaxa | 240kg | 300kg | 45kw |
| QD-152 | 61 ipayipi*10layer=610 izigaxa | 290kg | 361.6kg | 55kw |
| QD-170 | 77 ipayipi*10layer=770 izigaxa | 340.2kg | 425.4kg | 75kw |
| QD-186 | 92 ipayipi*10layer=920 izigaxa | 417.5kg | 522.0kg | 90kw |
| QD-200 | 108 ipayipi*12layer=1296 izigaxa | 609.2kg | 761.6kg | 110kw |
Iyini i-HTHP Ukudaya?
Ungacabanga ngokudaya kwe-HTHP (High Temperature, High Pressure) njengendlela ekhethekile yemicu yokwenziwa. Isebenzisa umkhumbi ovaliwe, ocindezelwe ukuze kuzuzwe amazinga okushisa okudaya ngaphezu kwendawo yokubilisa evamile yamanzi (100°C noma 212°F). Le ndlela ibalulekile emicu enjenge-polyester nenayiloni. Ukwakheka kwawo kwamangqamuzana ahlangene amelana nokungena kukadayi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zomkhathi. Umshini wokudaya intambo yenayiloni ye-HTHP udala indawo ekahle yokuphoqelela ukudaya kujule kule micu, iqinisekisa umbala ogqamile nohlala njalo.
Kungani Ukushisa Okuphezulu Nengcindezi Kubalulekile
Udinga kokubili izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezela okuphezulu ukuze uzuze imiphumela ephakeme yokudaya. Ngayinye idlala indima ehlukile nebalulekile kule nqubo. Ukucindezela okuphezulu kuphoqa utshwala obudayi kumaphakheji entambo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imicu ithola umbala ofanayo. Iphinde iphakamise indawo yokubilisa yamanzi, okuvumela isistimu ukuthi isebenze emazingeni okushisa aphakeme ngaphandle kokudala ama-steam voids.
Qaphela: Inhlanganisela yokushisa nokucindezela yikhona okwenza ukudaya kwe-HTHP kusebenze kakhulu ezintweni zokwenziwa.
Amazinga okushisa aphezulu abaluleke ngokulinganayo ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa:
● Ukuvuvukala Kwefayibha: Amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-120-130 ° C abangela ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana ezintambo zokwenziwa ukuthi zivuleke, noma "zivuvuke." Lokhu kudala izindlela zokungena kwama-molecule odayi.
●Ukuhlakazwa Kwedayi:Ibhavu likadayi liqukethe amakhemikhali akhethekile njengama-dispersants nama-leveling agents. Ukushisa kusiza lawa ma-ejenti ukuthi agcine izinhlayiya zikadayi zisakazwa ngokulinganayo emanzini.
●Ukungena Kwedayi:Umfutho okhuphukile, ngokuvamile ofika ku-300 kPa, usebenza ngokushisa ukusunduza ama-molecule kadayi ahlakazekile ajule esakhiweni sefayibha evuliwe.
Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Zomshini Wokudaya we-HTHP
Uzosebenzisa ucezu lwesisetshenziswa esiyinkimbinkimbi uma usebenzisa umshini wokudaya intambo yenayiloni ye-HTHP. Umkhumbi omkhulu i-kier, isitsha esiqinile, esivalekile esakhelwe ukumelana nokushisa nokucindezela okukhulu. Ngaphakathi, inkampani yenethiwekhi ibamba amaphakheji entambo. Iphampu enamandla yokusakaza ihambisa utshwala obudayi entanjeni, kuyilapho isishintshi sokushisa silawula izinga lokushisa ngokunembile. Okokugcina, iyunithi ye-pressurization igcina ingcindezi edingekayo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokudaya.
Ukwenza umjikelezo wokudaya we-HTHP oyimpumelelo kudinga ukunemba nokuqonda okujulile kwesigaba ngasinye. Ungathola imiphumela engaguquki, yekhwalithi ephezulu ngokulandela le nqubo yezinyathelo eziyisithupha. Isinyathelo ngasinye sakhela phezu kwesokugcina, siqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlangabezana ncamashi nokucaciswa kombala nokushesha.
Isinyathelo 1: Ukulungiswa Kwezintambo kanye Nokwelashwa Kwangaphambili
Uhambo lwakho lokuya entanjeni edaywe kahle luqala kudala ngaphambi kokuthi lungene emshinini wokudaya. Ukulungiselela kahle kuyisisekelo sempumelelo. Kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi intambo ye-polyester ihlanzekile ngokuphelele. Noma yimaphi amafutha, uthuli, noma ama-ejenti okulinganisa kusukela kunqubo yokukhiqiza azosebenza njengesithiyo, avimbele ukungena kodayi ofanayo.
Kufanele ugeze kahle le nto ukuze uqede lokhu kungcola. Lokhu kwelashwa kwangaphambili kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ikhono lentambo lokumunca udayi. Ngezintambo eziningi ze-polyester, ukugeza okunomshini wokuhlanza omnene emanzini afudumele kwanele ukulungisa imicu yezimo eziqinile zenqubo ye-HTHP. Ukweqa lesi sinyathelo kungaholela ekubeni nombala ogqagqene, ongalingani kanye nokushesha okubi.
Isinyathelo sesi-2: Ilayisha amaphakheji Entambo Kahle
Indlela oyilayisha ngayo intambo kusiphathi somshini ithinta ngqo ikhwalithi yokugcina. Umgomo wakho uwukwenza ukuminyana okufanayo okuvumela utshwala obudayi ukuthi bugeleze ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke imicu eyodwa. Ukulayisha okungalungile kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokulimala kokudaya.
Isexwayiso: Ukuminyana kwephakeji okungalungile kuwumthombo ovamile wezinqwaba zikadayi ezihlulekile. Nakisisa ukusongwa nokulayisha ukuze uvimbele amaphutha abizayo.
Kufanele ugweme lezi zihibe ezivamile zokulayisha:
● Amaphakheji athambe kakhulu:Uma uvunguza intambo ngokuxekethile, utshwala obudayi buzothola indlela yokumelana okuncane. Lokhu kubangela "umzila," lapho udayi udlula ezindleleni ezilula futhi ushiye ezinye izindawo zilula noma zingadayiwe.
●Amaphakheji anzima kakhulu:Ukusonga intambo kuvimbela ukugeleza kotshwala. Lokhu kulambisa izingqimba zangaphakathi zephakeji likadayi, okuholela ekukhanyeni noma okungadayiwe ngokuphelele.
●Isikhala esingalungile:Ukusebenzisa ama-spacers ane-cones kungabangela ukuthi utshwala obudayi buqhume emalungeni, kuphazamise ukugeleza komfaniswano odingekayo ekudayeni izinga.
●Imibhobho engamboziwe:Uma usebenzisa ama-perforated cheeses, kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi intambo ivala zonke izimbobo ngokulinganayo. Izimbobo ezingamboziwe zidala enye indlela yomzila.
Isinyathelo sesi-3: Ukulungisa Utshwala Bokugeza Udayi
Ukugeza okudayi kuyisisombululo samakhemikhali esiyinkimbinkimbi okufanele usilungiselele ngokunemba. Iqukethe okungaphezu nje kwamanzi nodayi. Uzokwengeza izinsiza eziningana ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi udayi uhlakazeka ngendlela efanele futhi ungena ku-fiber ngokulinganayo. Izingxenye ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:
1.Disperse Dyes:Lawa ama-ejenti ombala, aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile imicu ye-hydrophobic efana ne-polyester.
2.Abenzeli Abahlakazayo:La makhemikhali agcina izinhlayiya zikadayi ocolekileyo zingahlangani ndawonye (agglomerating) emanzini. Ukuhlakazeka okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni amabala nokuqinisekisa umthunzi osezingeni.
3. Ama-ejenti Wokulinganisa:Lokhu kusiza ukuthi udayi usuke ezindaweni zokugxilisana kakhulu uye ezindaweni lapho ungagxili khona kancane, okuthuthukisa umbala olinganayo kuyo yonke iphakheji yentambo.
I-4.pH Buffer:Udinga ukugcina ukugeza okudayi ku-pH ene-asidi ethize (imvamisa engu-4.5-5.5) ukuze uthole udayi ofanele.
Ukuze uthole odayi abahlakazayo, uzosebenzisa ama-agent athile ahlakazayo ukuze ugcine ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu kwe-colloidal ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye namandla okugunda ngaphakathi komshini. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zifaka:
●Ama-Anionic Surfactants:Imikhiqizo efana ne-sulfonate ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukusebenza kahle kokudaya kwe-polyester.
●Ama-non-ionic Surfactants:Lezi zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuhambisana kwazo namanye amakhemikhali ekugezeni.
●Ama-Polymeric Dispersants:Lawa amakhompiyutha anesisindo esikhulu samangqamuzana azinza izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zikadayi futhi avimbele ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiyana.
Isinyathelo sesi-4: Ukusebenzisa Umjikelezo Wokudaya
Njengoba intambo ilayishiwe kanye nokugeza okudayi okulungisiwe, usukulungele ukuqala umcimbi omkhulu. Umjikelezo wokudaya uwukulandelana okulawulwa ngokucophelela kwezinga lokushisa, ukucindezela, nesikhathi. Umjikelezo ojwayelekile ubandakanya ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kancane kancane, isikhathi sokubamba izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, kanye nesigaba sokupholisa esilawulwayo.
Kufanele ulawule ngokucophelela izinga lokushisa ukuze uqinisekise izinga lokudaya. Izinga elifanelekile lincike ezintweni ezimbalwa:
●Ukujula Komthunzi:Ungasebenzisa izinga lokushisa elisheshayo kumathunzi amnyama, kodwa kufanele wehlise ijubane ukuze uthole amathunzi alula ukuze uvimbele ukushesha nokungalingani.
●Izici Zokudayi:Odayi abanezakhiwo ezinhle zokulinganisa bavumela ukukhuphuka ngokushesha.
●Ukujikeleza kotshwala:Ukujikeleza kwepompo okusebenzayo kuvumela izinga lokushisa ngokushesha.
Isu elivamile ukushintsha izinga. Isibonelo, ungakwazi ukushisa ngokushesha ukuya ku-85°C, wehlise izinga liye ku-1-1.5°C/min phakathi kuka-85°C no-110°C lapho ukumuncwa kodayi kuyashesha, bese uyakwandisa futhi kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa lokugcina lokudaya.
Iphrofayili evamile yokudaya ye-polyester ingase ibukeke kanje:
| Ipharamitha | Inani |
|---|---|
| Izinga Lokushisa Lokugcina | 130–135°C |
| Ingcindezi | Kufika ku-3.0 kg/cm² |
| Isikhathi sokudaya | 30-60 imizuzu |
Ngesikhathi sokubamba ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme (isb., 130°C), ama-molecule kadayi angena futhi azilungise ngaphakathi kwemicu ye-polyester evuvukele.
Isinyathelo sesi-5: Ukuhlanzwa kwangemuva kokudaywa kanye nokungathathi hlangothi
Uma umjikelezo wokudaya usuqedile, awukaqedi. Kumelwe ususe noma yimuphi udayi ongagxilile ebusweni bemicu. Lesi sinyathelo, esaziwa ngokuthi ukunciphisa ukunciphisa, sibalulekile ekuzuzeni umbala omuhle kanye nomthunzi okhanyayo, ohlanzekile.
Inhloso eyinhloko yokunciphisa ukucwenga ukukhumula udayi osele ongase wophe noma uwuhlikihle kamuva. Le nqubo ngokuvamile ihilela ukwelapha intambo endaweni yokugeza eqinile yokunciphisa. Uzodala leli bhavu ngamakhemikhali afana ne-sodium dithionite ne-caustic soda bese ulisebenzisa ku-70-80°C cishe imizuzu engu-20. Lokhu kwelashwa kwamakhemikhali kucekela phansi noma kuncibilikise izinhlayiya zikadayi ezixegayo, zivumele ukuba zigezwe kalula. Ngemuva kokunciphisa ukunciphisa, uzokwenza ukuhlanza okuningana, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanza kokugcina kokungathathi hlangothi, ukususa wonke amakhemikhali futhi ubuyisele intambo ku-pH engathathi hlangothi.
Isinyathelo sesi-6: Ukukhipha kanye Nokomisa Kokugcina
Isinyathelo sokugcina ukukhipha intambo emshinini wokudaya wenayiloni ye-HTHP bese uwulungiselela ukusetshenziswa. Ngemuva kokukhipha isithwali, amaphakheji ezintambo agcwele amanzi. Kumele ususe la manzi angaphezulu ngendlela efanele ukuze unciphise isikhathi sokumisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Lokhu kwenziwa nge-hydro-extraction. Uzolayisha amaphakheji entambo kuma-spindles ngaphakathi kwe-extractor centrifugal enesivinini esikhulu. Lo mshini uphotha amaphakheji ngama-RPM aphakeme kakhulu (afika ku-1500 RPM), uphoqa amanzi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa iphakheji noma ukulimaza intambo. Ama-hydro extractors esimanje anezilawuli ze-PLC akuvumela ukuthi ukhethe isivinini esilungile sokuzungeza nesikhathi somjikelezo ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwentambo. Ukuthola umswakama oyinsalela ophansi nofanayo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukomisa ngendlela engabizi kakhulu kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina wekhwalithi ephezulu. Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe-hydro, amaphakheji entambo aqhubekela esigabeni sokugcina sokumisa, ngokuvamile endaweni yokomisa yomsakazo (RF).
Ungakwazi ukukhulisa ikhwalithi yakho yokudaya ngokufunda kahle izici zokusebenza zomshini wokudaya wenayiloni ye-HTHP. Ukuqonda izinzuzo zayo, izinkinga ezivamile, nemingcele eyinhloko kuzokusiza ukukhiqiza imiphumela engaguquki nephezulu.
Uzuza ukusebenza kahle okukhulu ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-HTHP. Imishini yesimanje yenziwe ngezilinganiso eziphansi zokugeza, okusho ukuthi isebenzisa amanzi amancane namandla kunemishini evamile. Lokhu kusebenza kahle kuhumusha ngqo ekuncishisweni kwezindleko ezinkulu.
Ukuhlola komnotho kubonisa ukuthi amasistimu e-HTHP angakwazi ukuzuza ukonga cishe okungu-47% ezindlekweni zokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezivamile zokushisisa isitimu. Lokhu kwenza ubuchwepheshe bube busezingeni eliphezulu futhi bungabizi.
Cishe uzobhekana nezinselele ezimbalwa ezivamile. Enye inkinga enkulu ukwakheka kwe-oligomer. Lezi yimikhiqizo evela ekwenziweni kwe-polyester efudukela endaweni esezingeni lokushisa ephezulu, edala amadiphozithi amhlophe oyimpuphu.
Ukuze uvimbele lokhu, ungakwazi:
● Sebenzisa i-oligomer dispersing agents efanelekile ekugezeni kwakho okudayi.
●Gcina izikhathi zokudaya zibe zifushane ngangokunokwenzeka.
●Yenza ukususwa kwe-alkaline yokunciphisa ngemva kokudaya.
Enye inselele ukuhlukahluka komthunzi phakathi kwamaqoqo. Ungakulungisa lokhu ngokugcina ukungaguquguquki okuqinile. Njalo qinisekisa ukuthi amaqoqo anesisindo esifanayo, sebenzisa izinqubo zohlelo ezifanayo, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi (i-pH, ubulukhuni) iyafana kukho konke ukugijima.
Kufanele ulawule ngokucophelela isilinganiso sotshwala, okuyisilinganiso somthamo wotshwala obudayi nesisindo sentambo. Isilinganiso sotshwala esiphansi ngokuvamile singcono. Kwenza ngcono ukukhathala kukadayi futhi konga amanzi, amakhemikhali namandla. Kodwa-ke, udinga ukugeleza kotshwala okwanele ukuze udaye.
Isilinganiso esifanele sincike endleleni yokudaya:
| Indlela Yokudaya | Isilinganiso sotshwala esijwayelekile | Umthelela Obalulekile |
|---|---|---|
| Ukudaya Kwephakheji | Phansi | Yandisa ukukhiqizwa kokukhiqiza |
| I-Hank Dyeing | Phezulu (isb, 30:1) | Izindleko eziphakeme, kodwa kudala ubukhulu |
Umgomo wakho uwukuthola izinga lokugeleza elilungile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukudaya ezingeni ngaphandle kokudala isiphithiphithi esingalimaza intambo. Ukulawulwa okufanele kwesilinganiso sotshwala emshinini wakho wokudaya wezintambo zenayiloni ye-HTHP kubalulekile ekulinganiseni ikhwalithi nokusebenza kahle.
Kufanele ubeke phambili ukugcinwa okuvamile kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umshini wakho we-HTHP usebenza ngokwethembeka nangokuphepha. Ukugcinwa okungaguquguquki kuvimbela isikhathi sokuphumula esibizayo futhi kuvikela opharetha ezingozini zokucindezela okukhulu nezinga lokushisa.
Kufanele wenze amasheke nsuku zonke ukuze ugcine umshini wakho usezingeni eliphezulu. Indandatho yokuvala eyinhloko ibaluleke kakhulu. Udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inikeza uphawu oluphelele ukuvimbela ukuvuza komoya.
Uphawu olungalungile lungabangela umehluko wemibala phakathi kwenqwaba kadayi, lumoshe amandla okushisa, futhi ludale izingozi ezinkulu zokuphepha.
Uhlu lwakho lokuhlola nsuku zonke kufanele lufake le misebenzi ebalulekile:
● Hlanza noma shintsha isihlungi sephampu ejikelezayo.
●Hlola futhi usule uphawu lwezindlu zokuhlunga.
●Geza iphampu yokudosa ngamakhemikhali ngamanzi ahlanzekile ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwayo okokugcina.
Udinga ukuhlela ukunakekelwa okuvamile kokuvimbela ukubhekana nokuguga. Ukulinganisa izinzwa kuyingxenye ebalulekile yale shejuli. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinzwa zingalahlekelwa ukunemba ngenxa yokuguga kanye nezici zemvelo, okuholela ekushiseni okungalungile nokufundwa kwengcindezi.
Ukuze ulinganise inzwa yokucindezela, ungaqhathanisa ukufundwa kwayo kwedijithali nokulinganisa okwenziwa ngesandla. Bese ubala umehluko, noma "offset," bese ufaka leli nani kusofthiwe yomshini. Lokhu kulungiswa okulula kulungisa ukufundwa kwenzwa, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlaka zakho zokudaya zihlala zinembile futhi ziphindaphindeka.
Usebenza ngemishini esebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuqonda izimiso zokuphepha akuxoxiswana ngakho. Ngenhlanhla, imishini yesimanje ye-HTHP inezici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe.
Le mishini isebenzisa izinzwa ukuqapha ingcindezi ngesikhathi sangempela. Uma isistimu ithola ukuvuza kwengcindezi noma umcimbi wokucindezela ngokweqile, icupha ukuvala shaqa okuzenzakalelayo. Isistimu yokulawula imisa ngokushesha ukusebenza komshini ngemizuzwana. Le mpendulo esheshayo, enokwethenjelwa iklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukulimala kwemishini futhi inciphise ubungozi kuwe nethimba lakho.
Uyingcweti yenqubo ye-HTHP ngokulawula okunembile kuso sonke isinyathelo. Ukuqonda kwakho okujulile kwamapharamitha womshini kanye namakhemikhali kadayi kuletha ikhwalithi engaguquki, kuthuthukisa ukutholwa kodayi nokufana kombala. Ukunakekela ngenkuthalo akuxoxiswana ngakho. Iqinisekisa impilo ende yomshini wakho, ukuphepha, kanye nemiphumela ethembekile yokudaya kuyo yonke inqwaba.
Imiphi imicu ongayidaya ngomshini we-HTHP?
Usebenzisa imishini ye-HTHP kumafayibha okwenziwa. I-polyester, inayiloni, ne-acrylic kudinga ukushisa okuphezulu ukuze kungene udayi ngendlela efanele. Le ndlela iqinisekisa umbala ogqamile, ohlala njalo kulezi zinto ezithile.
Kungani isilinganiso sotshwala sibaluleke kangaka?
Kufanele ulawule isilinganiso sotshwala ngekhwalithi nezindleko. Ithinta ngokuqondile ukukhathala kukadayi, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, okuyenza ibe ipharamitha eyinhloko yokukhiqiza okuphumelelayo.
Ungakwazi ukudaya ukotini usebenzisa indlela ye-HTHP?
Akufanele udaye ukotini ngale ndlela. Inqubo inzima kakhulu emicu yemvelo. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu angalimaza ukotini, okudinga izimo ezihlukahlukene zokudaya.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-28-2025